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Can empowerment lead to gender-equitable development? Key concepts Power, inequality, domination, oppression, consciousness and conscientisation, disciplining, collectivity, capabilities, agency K K {  What is empowerment?What do we understand by the term empowerment? Trace to Paulo Freire (1973) Pedagogy of the Oppressed emphasis on education as a means for conscientisation inspire individual and group challenges to social inequalityZ/7t/ t What is empowerment? Traditional understanding of power = relationship of domination:  power over Person A is able to make person B do what they would otherwise not do BUT power relations not always about observable conflict (Lukes) NFAA F  B  Lukes on power  z the most effective and insidious use of power is to prevent& conflict arising in the first place& by shaping [people s] perceptions, cognitions and preferences in such a way that they accept their role in the existing order of things, either because they can see or imagine no alternative to it, or because they see it as natural and unchangeable or because they value it as divinely ordained and beneficial (Lukes, quoted in Rowlands, 1997: 10):Z&Z&  &    What is empowerment? .More nuanced (e.g. Rowlands, 1997, p.13): Power to: generative/productive, creates new possibilities for action e.g. transferral of decision-making Power with: collective greater than the sum of its parts Power within: self-confidence and self-awareness, ability to analyse the conditions of own lives **` - T&   What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the individual Amartya Sen: Human Capabilities empowerment as both a means and an end develop individual capacities through gaining education, skills etc. improve the life-chances of individuals and empower them so they can have a better quality of life "   "  "      What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the group Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN): empowerment as collective action Batliwala: collective action can result in an  empowerment spiral to challenge and transform existing power structures (1994: 131-34)  " Z " ZZ   D, C  Appropriating Empowerment  VMainstream development agencies Instrumentalist and utilitarian arguments Liberal, individualist approaches Example: World Bank: empowerment as enhancing an individual s or group s capacity to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes If a person or group is empowered, they possess the capacity to make effective choices; that is, to translate their choices into desired actions and outcomesh!ZZ!` N0! L >  Measuring Empowerment $Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power Social Institutions Indicator (by the OECD)'&!y,'&!y,   Measuring Empowerment ?Gender Equality as Smart Economics (World Bank): Aims to empower women economically by increasing their access to labor, land, agricultural product and credit markets. Economic empowerment is about making markets work for women (at the policy level) and empowering women to compete in markets (at the agency level). z1 '? Case Study: A government program for women s empowerment in South IndiaHH  H .Mahalir Thittam: empowerment program for women in South India Aims to empower women: about women making the right choices Highly disciplinary institutional culture around micro-credit Self-regulating technologies for fashioning women s financial self-discipline and self-reliance" 4       Gender EmpowermentCThus, empowerment seems to be acceptable to many different agencies, adhering to many different political perspectives. Moser remains sceptical about the willingness of mainstream development agencies to embrace the grassroots, participatory small-scale methods of the empowerment approach in a meaningful way (1993:87-79)HxD    Summary   ` 3Wo+ff3̙` 33f33̙3` ! <yxG`wglZff` yE[AQpff3k` 31m̙3f` 3333̙3` O~̙Zƺ` ffff̙` ǵfZƺ` fff3fZ̙>?" dd@*?nZd@`K `7@d` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` `0p>>  x(  T `   "`   6 "  F0  \ }`  "}`  6& "}` F0  B  s *DjJ"`,$D 0  6  "@`   X Click to edit Master title style!! 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3333̙380___PPT10.:G0   PX0(  Xx X c $H@`   x X c $H@`  H X 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.P@+    \(   x  c $`Q@`     c $Ha@`<$0  H  0޽h ? 33((___PPT10(..b{+FDV(' = @B D(' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DH' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* '%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* 'D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 'D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 'D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* '3%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* '3D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* '3D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* '3D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* 3M%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* 3MD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 3MD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 3MDH' =%(D' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* Mn%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* MnD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* MnD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* MnD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* n%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* nD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* nD' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* nD' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* DP' =%(D' =%(D' =AB*BB@B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* +8+0+  +   00(  0x 0 c $$x@`   x 0 c $r@`  H 0 0޽h ? 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 %/&Women s Empowerment  Key issues  Key questions What is empowerment? Can empowerment lead to gender-equitable development? Can gender-equitable development lead to empowerment? Key concepts Power, inequality, domination, oppression, consciousness and conscientisation, disciplining, collectivity, capabilities, agency ZZZ ZZ {  What is empowerment?What do we understand by the term empowerment? Trace to Paulo Freire (1973) Pedagogy of the Oppressed emphasis on education as a means for conscientisation inspire individual and group challenges to social inequalityZ/7t/ t What is empowerment? Traditional understanding of power = relationship of domination:  power over Person A is able to make person B do what they would otherwise not do BUT power relations not always about observable conflict (Lukes) NFAA F  B  Lukes on power  z the most effective and insidious use of power is to prevent& conflict arising in the first place& by shaping [people s] perceptions, cognitions and preferences in such a way that they accept their role in the existing order of things, either because they can see or imagine no alternative to it, or because they see it as natural and unchangeable or because they value it as divinely ordained and beneficial (Lukes, quoted in Rowlands, 1997: 10):Z&Z&  &    What is empowerment? .More nuanced (e.g. Rowlands, 1997, p.13): Power to: generative/productive, creates new possibilities for action e.g. transferral of decision-making Power with: collective greater than the sum of its parts Power within: self-confidence and self-awareness, ability to analyse the conditions of own lives **` - T&   What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the individual Amartya Sen: Human Capabilities empowerment as both a means and an end develop individual capacities through gaining education, skills etc. improve the life-chances of individuals and empower them so they can have a better quality of life "   "  "      What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the group Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN): empowerment as collective action Batliwala: collective action can result in an  empowerment spiral to challenge and transform existing power structures (1994: 131-34)  " Z " ZZ   D, C  Appropriating Empowerment  VMainstream development agencies Instrumentalist and utilitarian arguments Liberal, individualist approaches Example: World Bank: empowerment as enhancing an individual s or group s capacity to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes If a person or group is empowered,  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~2O      !"#$%&'()*+,13456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}Root EntrydO)$PicturesoCurrent UserASummaryInformation(UPowerPoint Document(aDocumentSummaryInformation8 }'9       !"2#341$%5BD!1AQaq"2BRb#3rCScsd4$Dt!1AQaq ᧆC1il0 Vn3 Kb`?5eb'7(~54CrxP&$(S^X`pQJGcӐ0,9j5)5BƧ :Ȥ<f6% 4g5:bsA8z09ts2P05P$(O8cQą(!$ '3p3*3=2?@h t̽,A `I"EG6 27 ˇRl9\j+N|AD08Š34,z]y~7A^M8-S&"AOEbj5DQBPQHrR|4+JА7GW99b!&CSE)TgM?0AfzW (>g1 |0= 8 !xPt3 H'8:yρ70) Cp3hH4Tf&-LC1k"J"%륏sF#I1c Vw+oCKuʯw!ZqcpupF$l'ҷN4jY>3xdz۽:W:U`t39A>D25Wv\3)yv)Dy ol~gǍd;G|JG+ti&,Ҭ@[- U^zՑ5Zȟ2=^:_vNO.=#zVV4n jfug [~"~]!%̢44g*gf=ݗ#;'D*')\Ȕ@zDiS-Dq=z{;2fN&ok}yɍ_/tydb5CQ[@Z`^Ur~8JYܛ9y貑G-E կ=>`]H`YXAxrw&I4+keL婱necƮVd+w_;_n$tֲUVʊy\n\-P 1q*ڌs`@u۬_Y0Xz덙=DɮT@H:壟~a{Ip GȌAkPEk];.r>k'LC EEb% +lF1a U  9Y[Y!/i>+c~ (y *? 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Can empowerment lead to gender-equitable development? Can gender-equitable development lead to empowerment? Key concepts Power, inequality, domination, oppression, consciousness and conscientisation, disciplining, collectivity, capabilities, agency ZZZ ZZ {  What is empowerment?What do we understand by the term empowerment? Trace to Paulo Freire (1973) Pedagogy of the Oppressed emphasis on education as a means for conscientisation inspire individual and group challenges to social inequalityZ/7t/ t What is empowerment? Traditional understanding of power = relationship of domination:  power over Person A is able to make person B do what they would otherwise not do BUT power relations not always about observable conflict (Lukes) NFAA F  B  Lukes on power  z the most effective and insidious use of power is to prevent& conflict arising in the first place& by shaping [people s] perceptions, cognitions and preferences in such a way that they accept their role in the existing order of things, either because they can see or imagine no alternative to it, or because they see it as natural and unchangeable or because they value it as divinely ordained and beneficial (Lukes, quoted in Rowlands, 1997: 10):Z&Z&  &    What is empowerment? .More nuanced (e.g. Rowlands, 1997, p.13): Power to: generative/productive, creates new possibilities for action e.g. transferral of decision-making Power with: collective greater than the sum of its parts Power within: self-confidence and self-awareness, ability to analyse the conditions of own lives **` - T&   What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the individual Amartya Sen: Human Capabilities empowerment as both a means and an end develop individual capacities through gaining education, skills etc. improve the life-chances of individuals and empower them so they can have a better quality of life "   "  "      What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the group Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN): empowerment as collective action Batliwala: collective action can result in an  empowerment spiral to challenge and transform existing power structures (1994: 131-34)  " Z " ZZ   D, C  Appropriating Empowerment  VMainstream development agencies Instrumentalist and utilitarian arguments Liberal, individualist approaches Example: World Bank: empowerment as enhancing an individual s or group s capacity to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes If a person or group is empowered, they possess the capacity to make effective choices; that is, to translate their choices into desired actions and outcomesh!ZZ!` N0! L >  Measuring Empowerment $Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power Social Institutions Indicator (by the OECD)'&!y,'&!y,   Measuring Empowerment ?Gender Equality as Smart Economics (World Bank): Aims to empower women economically by increasing their access to labor, land, agricultural product and credit markets. Economic empowerment is about making markets work for women (at the policy level) and empowering women to compete in markets (at the agency level). z1 '? Empowerment and micro-credit  <Micro-credit became immensely popular in 1990s Early example: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh, founded 1983 Enables access to credit for the poor Alternative norms on loan securitisation  group security not assets/property Diverse models, approaches, actors Evidence of good and bad practice    Empowerment and micro-credit  Has been employed to enable women s access to credit Encourage small entrepreneurial and income-generating activities Programs often supplemented with educational and training component Meeting in public spaces Women as  safer credit risks    Largely integrationist; small scale poverty reduction Doesn t challenge existing structures, creates alternative ones Focus on women to change, not others Assumes women s time elastic; creates extra burden Doesn t always meet the demand of the poorest women  Case Study: A government program for women s empowerment in South IndiaHH  H .Mahalir Thittam: empowerment program for women in South India Aims to empower women: about women making the right choices Highly disciplinary institutional culture around micro-credit Self-regulating technologies for fashioning women s financial self-discipline and self-reliance" 4       Gender EmpowermentThus, empowerment seems to be acceptable to many different agencies, adhering to many different political perspectives. Moser remains sceptical about the willingness of mainstream development agencies to embrace the grassroots, participatory small-scale methods of the empowerment approach in a meaningful way (1993:87-79) Is  women s empowerment less radical than gender equality?Jx    Summary &   @T\(  Tx T c $D@`    T c $E@`<<$@0  H T 0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 .^+ED ' = @B Di ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*T%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*T#%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*T#Y%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*TY%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*T%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*T%(+    `\(  x  c $J@`     c $K@`<$0  H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 ..bB |+[W_D0 ' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*/%(D' =%(DA' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*/f%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*f%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+ +   `\\(  \x \ c $@`    \ c $\@`<$D0  H \ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10n.І+YDB' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*\%(+2    d\(  dx d c $@`    d c $l@`<$D0  H d 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.P+YD' = @B Du' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*d*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*d%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*d.%(+j    p`h(  `~ ` s *(@`    ` s *4@`<$@0  H ` 0޽h ? 33:2___PPT10.І+ED' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*`>%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*`>e%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*`e%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*`%(+   P(  r  S pũ@`     S 0Ʃ@`<$D0  H  0޽h ? 3333̙3___PPT10.:G+YD~' = @B D9' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*u%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*v%(+J    PX\(  Xx X c $lѩ@`    X c $4֩@`<$D0  H X 0޽h ? 33&  ___PPT10 .P@+YD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*X!K%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*XKm%(DL' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Xm%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*X%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*X%(+    \(   x  c $@`     c $@`<$0  H  0޽h ? 33vn___PPT10N..b{+FD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D3' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* '%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* '3%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* 3M%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* Mn%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* n%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(+8+0+  +   0\(  0x 0 c $@`    0 c $@`<$D0  H 0 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.c$I+YD~' = @B D9' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*01%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*0>%(+v   \T(  r  S @`     S d@i<$D0    TA yunusJ   0IO JMohammed Yunus, Founder of Grameen Bank Bangladesh;Nobel Peace Prize, 2006K0 2K  K H  0޽h ? 3333̙3___PPT10.[x+|3Dn' = @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*/%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*/e%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*e%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+R     T(  r  S Z @`  Z     B$  "` _<$D0      <X&A  "` `i<$D0 Z  H  0޽h ? 3333̙36.___PPT10.@σ>+ۃDr' = @B D-' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*5%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*5v%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*v%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*6%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*6v%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*v%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+p+0+Z  ++0+Z  +   40(  4x 4 c $8@`   x 4 c $@`  H 4 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.d+D=' = @B +rP;+ ?zPg K GYZD}  6(in  ՜.+,0     qOn-screen ShowYour Company Nameau ArialTimes New Roman Wingdings GaramondLayersWomens Empowerment Key issuesWhat is empowerment?What is empowerment?Lukes on powerWhat is empowerment?What is empowerment?What is empowerment?Appropriating EmpowermentMeasuring Empowerment$GEM in HDR 2007/2008 (93 countries)Measuring EmpowermentMeasuring EmpowermentEmpowerment and micro-creditEmpowerment and micro-creditHCase ɫƵ: A government program for womens empowerment in South India Slide 17Gender EmpowermentSummary  Fonts Used#_= IT ServicesIT Services they possess the capacity to make effective choices; that is, to translate their choices into desired actions and outcomesh!ZZ!` N0! L >  Measuring Empowerment $Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power Social Institutions Indicator (by the OECD)'&!y,'&!y,  !#GEM in HDR 2007/2008 (93 countries)$&  $ :Top Five Countries: Norway Sweden Finland Denmark Iceland &; ;  BBottom Five Countries: Kyrgyzstan Turkey Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen +C C  Measuring Empowerment ?Gender Equality as Smart Economics (World Bank): Aims to empower women economically by increasing their access to labor, land, agricultural product and credit markets. Economic empowerment is about making markets work for women (at the policy level) and empowering women to compete in markets (at the agency level). z1 '? Empowerment and micro-credit  <Micro-credit became immensely popular in 1990s Early example: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh, founded 1983 Enables access to credit for the poor Alternative norms on loan securitisation  group security not assets/property Diverse models, approaches, actors Evidence of good and bad practice    Empowerment and micro-credit  Has been employed to enable women s access to credit Encourage small entrepreneurial and income-generating activities Programs often supplemented with educational and training component Meeting in public spaces Women as  safer credit risks    Largely integrationist; small scale poverty reduction Doesn t challenge existing structures, creates alternative ones Focus on women to change, not others Assumes women s time elastic; creates extra burden Doesn t always meet the demand of the poorest women  Case Study: A government program for women s empowerment in South IndiaHH  H .Mahalir Thittam: empowerment program for women in South India Aims to empower women: about women making the right choices Highly disciplinary institutional culture around micro-credit Self-regulating technologies for fashioning women s financial self-discipline and self-reliance" 4       Gender EmpowermentThus, empowerment seems to be acceptable to many different agencies, adhering to many different political perspectives. Moser remains sceptical about the willingness of mainstream development agencies to embrace the grassroots, participatory small-scale methods of the empowerment approach in a meaningful way (1993:87-79) Is  women s empowerment less radical than gender equality?Jx    Summary    @(  r  S @`   r  S 4 @   r  S D]  `   H  0޽h ? 3333̙380___PPT10.+r}!´}h! /:(in / 00DArialnd(u o0 0"DTimes New Roman o0 0 DWingdingsRoman o0 00DGaramondRoman o0 0@0.  @n?" dd@  @@`` 8e  >> ) *+,.-/246?R$Y:>R$_-FLR$-Wp95 0AA@8  n ʚ;ʚ;g4AdAd$0vppp@ <4ddddP~0u 0___PPT10 pp___PPT9vn&** ?  %1&Women s Empowerment  Key issues  Key questions What is empowerment? Can empowerment lead to gender-equitable development? Can gender-equitable development lead to empowerment? Key concepts Power, inequality, domination, oppression, consciousness and conscientisation, disciplining, collectivity, capabilities, agency ZZZ ZZ {  What is empowerment?What do we understand by the term empowerment? Trace to Paulo Freire (1973) Pedagogy of the Oppressed emphasis on education as a means for conscientisation inspire individual and group challenges to social inequalityZ/7t/ t What is empowerment? Traditional understanding of power = relationship of domination:  power over Person A is able to make person B do what they would otherwise not do BUT power relations not always about observable conflict (Lukes) NFAA F  B  Lukes on power  z the most effective and insidious use of power is to prevent& conflict arising in the first place& by shaping [people s] perceptions, cognitions and preferences in such a way that they accept their role in the existing order of things, either because they can see or imagine no alternative to it, or because they see it as natural and unchangeable or because they value it as divinely ordained and beneficial (Lukes, quoted in Rowlands, 1997: 10):Z&Z&  &    What is empowerment? .More nuanced (e.g. Rowlands, 1997, p.13): Power to: generative/productive, creates new possibilities for action e.g. transferral of decision-making Power with: collective greater than the sum of its parts Power within: self-confidence and self-awareness, ability to analyse the conditions of own lives **` - T&   What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the individual Amartya Sen: Human Capabilities empowerment as both a means and an end develop individual capacities through gaining education, skills etc. improve the life-chances of individuals and empower them so they can have a better quality of life "   "  "      What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the group Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN): empowerment as collective action Batliwala: collective action can result in an  empowerment spiral to challenge and transform existing power structures (1994: 131-34)  " Z " ZZ   D, C  Appropriating Empowerment  VMainstream development agencies Instrumentalist and utilitarian arguments Liberal, individualist approaches Example: World Bank: empowerment as enhancing an individual s or group s capacity to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes If a person or group is empowered, they possess the capacity to make effective choices; that is, to translate their choices into desired actions and outcomesh!ZZ!` N0! L >  Measuring Empowerment Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power '&!y'&!y  !#GEM in HDR 2007/2008 (93 countries)$&  $ :Top Five Countries: Norway Sweden Finland Denmark Iceland$&; ;  BBottom Five Countries: Kyrgyzstan Turkey Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen$+C C "Measuring Empowerment $Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power Social Institutions Indicator (by the OECD)'&!y,'&!y,   Measuring Empowerment ?Gender Equality as Smart Economics (World Bank): Aims to empower women economically by increasing their access to labor, land, agricultural product and credit markets. Economic empowerment is about making markets work for women (at the policy level) and empowering women to compete in markets (at the agency level). z1 '? Empowerment and micro-credit  <Micro-credit became immensely popular in 1990s Early example: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh, founded 1983 Enables access to credit for the poor Alternative norms on loan securitisation  group security not assets/property Diverse models, approaches, actors Evidence of good and bad practice    Empowerment and micro-credit  Has been employed to enable women s access to credit Encourage small entrepreneurial and income-generating activities Programs often supplemented with educational and training component Meeting in public spaces Women as  safer credit risks    Largely integrationist; small scale poverty reduction Doesn t challenge existing structures, creates alternative ones Focus on women to change, not others Assumes women s time elastic; creates extra burden Doesn t always meet the demand of the poorest women  Case Study: A government program for women s empowerment in South IndiaHH  H .Mahalir Thittam: empowerment program for women in South India Aims to empower women: about women making the right choices Highly disciplinary institutional culture around micro-credit Self-regulating technologies for fashioning women s financial self-discipline and self-reliance" 4       Gender EmpowermentThus, empowerment seems to be acceptable to many different agencies, adhering to many different political perspectives. Moser remains sceptical about the willingness of mainstream development agencies to embrace the grassroots, participatory small-scale methods of the empowerment approach in a meaningful way (1993:87-79) Is  women s empowerment less radical than gender equality?Jx    Summary     \(   x  c $@`     c $@`<$0  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10..b{+FDU' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D3' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* '%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* '3%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* 3M%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* Mn%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* n%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<* %(+8+0+  +j   @j(  r  S @`   r  S 4 @   r  S D]  `     05  , d UK is ranked 14th"1 2  H  0޽h ? 3333̙380___PPT10.+   `h(  ~  s *t@`     s *@`<$0  H  0޽h ? 33vn___PPT10N..b{+FD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D3' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*'%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*'3%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3M%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*Mn%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*n%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+ +r! f" :(in / 00DArialnd(u o0 0"DTimes New Roman o0 0 DWingdingsRoman o0 00DGaramondRoman o0 0@      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345670.  @n?" dd@  @@`` 8e  >> ) *+,.-/246?R$Y:>R$_-FLR$-Wp95 0AA@8  n ʚ;ʚ;g4AdAd$0vppp@ <4ddddP~0u 0___PPT10 pp___PPT9~&**  ?  %T2&Women s Empowerment  Key issues  Key questions What is empowerment? Can empowerment lead to gender-equitable development? Can gender-equitable development lead to empowerment? Key concepts Power, inequality, domination, oppression, consciousness and conscientisation, disciplining, collectivity, capabilities, agency ZZZ ZZ {  What is empowerment?What do we understand by the term empowerment? Trace to Paulo Freire (1973) Pedagogy of the Oppressed emphasis on education as a means for conscientisation inspire individual and group challenges to social inequalityZ/7t/ t What is empowerment? Traditional understanding of power = relationship of domination:  power over Person A is able to make person B do what they would otherwise not do BUT power relations not always about observable conflict (Lukes) NFAA F  B  Lukes on power  z the most effective and insidious use of power is to prevent& conflict arising in the first place& by shaping [people s] perceptions, cognitions and preferences in such a way that they accept their role in the existing order of things, either because they can see or imagine no alternative to it, or because they see it as natural and unchangeable or because they value it as divinely ordained and beneficial (Lukes, quoted in Rowlands, 1997: 10):Z&Z&  &    What is empowerment? .More nuanced (e.g. Rowlands, 1997, p.13): Power to: generative/productive, creates new possibilities for action e.g. transferral of decision-making Power with: collective greater than the sum of its parts Power within: self-confidence and self-awareness, ability to analyse the conditions of own lives **` - T&   What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the individual Amartya Sen: Human Capabilities empowerment as both a means and an end develop individual capacities through gaining education, skills etc. improve the life-chances of individuals and empower them so they can have a better quality of life "   "  "      What is empowerment?  Empowerment of the group Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN): empowerment as collective action Batliwala: collective action can result in an  empowerment spiral to challenge and transform existing power structures (1994: 131-34)  " Z " ZZ   D, C  Appropriating Empowerment  VMainstream development agencies Instrumentalist and utilitarian arguments Liberal, individualist approaches Example: World Bank: empowerment as enhancing an individual s or group s capacity to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes If a person or group is empowered, they possess the capacity to make effective choices; that is, to translate their choices into desired actions and outcomesh!ZZ!` N0! L >  Measuring Empowerment Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power '&!y'&!y  !#GEM in HDR 2007/2008 (93 countries)$&  $ :Top Five Countries: Norway Sweden Finland Denmark Iceland$&; ;  BBottom Five Countries: Kyrgyzstan Turkey Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen$+C C "Measuring Empowerment $Gender-related Development Index (GDI) Same as HDI Measures gender disparity Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) women s participation in political decision-making women s access to professional opportunities women s earning power Social Institutions Indicator (by the OECD)'&!y,'&!y,   Measuring Empowerment ?Gender Equality as Smart Economics (World Bank): Aims to empower women economically by increasing their access to labor, land, agricultural product and credit markets. Economic empowerment is about making markets work for women (at the policy level) and empowering women to compete in markets (at the agency level). z1 '? Empowerment and micro-credit  <Micro-credit became immensely popular in 1990s Early example: Grameen Bank, Bangladesh, founded 1983 Enables access to credit for the poor Alternative norms on loan securitisation  group security not assets/property Diverse models, approaches, actors Evidence of good and bad practice    Empowerment and micro-credit  Has been employed to enable women s access to credit Encourage small entrepreneurial and income-generating activities Programs often supplemented with educational and training component Meeting in public spaces Women as  safer credit risks    Largely integrationist; small scale poverty reduction Doesn t challenge existing structures, creates alternative ones Focus on women to change, not others Assumes women s time elastic; creates extra burden Doesn t always meet the demand of the poorest women  Case Study: A government program for women s empowerment in South IndiaHH  H .Mahalir Thittam: empowerment program for women in South India Aims to empower women: about women making the right choices Highly disciplinary institutional culture around micro-credit Self-regulating technologies for fashioning women s financial self-discipline and self-reliance" 4       Gender EmpowermentThus, empowerment seems to be acceptable to many different agencies, adhering to many different political perspectives. Is  women s empowerment less radical than gender equality? Moser remains sceptical about the willingness of mainstream development agencies to embrace the grassroots, participatory small-scale methods of the empowerment approach in a meaningful way (1993:87-79)xPP<PPPx<    Summary    f^@(  r  S @`     S 4 @ <$0    S D]  `<$0     05  ,,$0 d UK is ranked 14th"1 2  H  0޽h ? 3333̙3___PPT10.++`,XD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D> ' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#+%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*+3%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3;%(D> ' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*#*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<**0%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*0=%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*=C%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(++0+ ++0+  ++0+ +d   `h(  ~  s *t@`     s *@`<$0  H  0޽h ? 334,___PPT10 ..b{++D ' = @B DW ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(%(D ' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*'3%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*3M%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*n%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(+8+0+ +n    h\(  hx h c $| @`    h c $< @`<$D0  H h 0޽h ? 33J B ___PPT10" .iI+YD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h>%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h>z%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*hz%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*h%(+   40(  4x 4 c $8@`   x 4 c $@`  H 4 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.d+D=' = @B +r$\  ! Ws8" Root EntrydO)`4£PicturesoCurrent User2SummaryInformation(U      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345671=      !"#$%&'()*+,3456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|} werWhat is empowerment?What is empowerment?What is empowerment?Appropriating EmpowermentMeasuring Empowerment$GEM in HDR 2007/2008 (93 countries)Measuring EmpowermentMeasuring EmpowermentEmpowerment and micro-creditEmpowerment and micro-creditHCase ɫƵ: A government program for womens empowerment in South India Slide 17Gender EmpowermentSummary  Fonts Used_=posgazposgazervices